Effect of Water Deficit on Relationship between Yield and Physiological Attributes of Banana Cultivars and Hybrids 
K. Krishna Surendar1 
,
D. Durga Devi1 
,
I. Ravi2 ,
P. Jeyakumar1 ,
K. Velayudham3
,
D. Durga Devi1 ,
I. Ravi2 ,
P. Jeyakumar1 ,
K. Velayudham3
1. Department of Crop Physiology, TNAU, Coimbatore-641 003, India
2. National Research Centre for Banana (ICAR), Thiruchirapalli, India
3. Directorate of CSCMS, TNAU, Coimbatore-641 003, India
Author Correspondence author
International Journal of Horticulture, 2013, Vol. 3, No. 12 doi: 10.5376/ijh.2013.03.0012
Received: 22 Mar., 2013 Accepted: 27 Mar., 2013 Published: 30 Mar., 2013
2. National Research Centre for Banana (ICAR), Thiruchirapalli, India
3. Directorate of CSCMS, TNAU, Coimbatore-641 003, India
Author Correspondence author
International Journal of Horticulture, 2013, Vol. 3, No. 12 doi: 10.5376/ijh.2013.03.0012
Received: 22 Mar., 2013 Accepted: 27 Mar., 2013 Published: 30 Mar., 2013
© 2013 BioPublisher Publishing Platform
This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Surendar et al., 2013, Effect of Water Deficit on Relationship between Yield and Physiological Attributes of Banana Cultivars and Hybrids, International Journal of Horticulture, 2013, Vol.3, No.12 61-69 (doi: 10.5376/ijh.2013.03.0012)
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between the yield reduction by CSI, MSI and RWC. The field experiment was conducted at national research centre for banana to screen the banana cultivars and hybrids for water deficit tolerance and to elucidate information on growth attribute mechanism of banana cultivars and hybrids. Stress was imposed at different critical stages viz., 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th month after planting. The stress was given by scheduling irrigation at the 50 per cent available soil moisture (ASM) characteristic during critical stages. The soil moisture content was analyzed by using pressure plate membrane apparatus. In control plots, the irrigation was given at the ASM of 80% with the soil water potential of around -6 bars and in the case of stressed plots; the irrigation was given when an ASM reached 50 per cent with the soil water potential of -14 bars. In stressed plots, 50 per cent ASM was reached around 30 days. In this present study conducted with twelve cultivars and hybrids with three replications. The data were analyzed by using split plot design. The results revealed that the cultivars of Karpuravalli, Karpuravalli×Pisang Jajee, Saba, and Sannachenkathali recorded significantly higher yield (67.3 t/ha, 52.4 t/ha, 55.8 t/ha and 41.3 t/ha) and the magnitude of yield decrease was 12% than the cultivars and hybrids of Matti, Pisang Jajee×Matti, Matti×Anaikomban and Anaikomban×Pisang Jajee (14.9 t/ha, 11.1 t/ha, 10.3 t/ha and 10.6 t/ha). Similarly, Karpuravalli, Karpuravalli×Pisang Jajee, Saba, and Sannachenkathali recorded significantly relative water content, chlorophyll stability index and membrane stability index with lesser reduction percent were showed than the cultivars and hybrids of Matti, Pisang Jajee×Matti, Matti×Anaikomban and Anaikomban×Pisang Jajee.
Keywords
Water deficit; RWC; CSI; MSI; Yield; Banana
Banana is the ‘queen of tropical fruits’ and is one of the oldest fruits known to mankind from pre-historic times. Today, it is the leading tropical fruit in the world market with a highly organized and developed industry. It is the fourth largest fruit crop in the world after grapes, citrus fruits and apples. Drought is an insidious hazard of nature. Although it has scores of definitions, it originates from a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more. This deficiency results in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector. Water deficit occurs when water potentials in the rhizosphere are sufficiently negative to reduce water availability to sub-optimal levels for plant growth and development. On a global basis, it is a major cause limiting productivity of agricultural systems and food production (Bray et al., 2000). Banana plant productivity is greatly affected by environmental stresses such as drought, water and cold. Plants respond and adopt to these stresses to survive under stress condition at the molecular and cellular levels as well as at the physiological and biochemical levels. Physiological responses to soil water deficit are the feature that is most likely to determine the response of the crop to irrigation. The banana plants are sensitivity to soil moisture stress is reflected in changes in reduced growth through reduced stomatal conductance and leaf size (Kallarackal et al., 1990) increased leaf senescence (Turner, 1998). Bananas (Musa spp.) rarely attain their full genetic potential for yield due to limitations imposed by water ultimately limiting the plants photosynthesis. Turner and Thomas (1998) reported that, the banana is sensitive to soil water deficits, expanding tissues such as emerging leaves and growing fruit are among the first to be affected. As soil begins to dry, stomata close and leaves remain highly hydrated, probably through root pressure. Productivity is affected because of the early closure of stomata. Turner and Thomas (1998) who showed measurements of leaf water potential using either the exuding xylem or relative leaf water content could not be reliably linked to plant functions such as stomatal movement, net photosynthesis or leaf folding. Water potential measured by the exuding latex method appeared the best for determining leaf water status, but even this shows a small change in plants experiencing soil water deficit (Thomas and Turner, 1998) supporting the hydrated status of banana leaves although the soil is dry. Understanding banana plant response to soil moisture deficit and expression of physiological, biochemical traits are of basic scientific interest and have potential application bananas (Musa spp.). With a view to elicit information on these aspects, field and laboratory investigations were undertaken.
1 Experimental Result
1.1 Relative water content
The data on RWC revealed a progressive increase from 3rd to 7th MAP with a decline thereafter. The main and sub-plots treatments differed significantly at all the growth stages (Table 1). The treatment M1 outperformed with better RWC value of 78.2% at 7th MAP stage, whereas M2 recorded significantly lesser RWC value of 68.7%. Among the sub-plot treatment varieties, S1 was found to be effective in maintaining higher RWC value (83.8%) over S12 (63.7%), which was followed by S2 (83.1%) and S3 (80.2%). All the interaction treatments registered significant differ- rences at all the stages, therefore, M at S and S at M attained differences significantly. Treatment M1S1 registered higher RWC of 86.1 percentage followed by M1S2 (85.4%), M1S3 (82.5%) and M1S4 (82.0%). However, a considerable reduction could also be noticed in RWC due to interaction with M2 and subplot treatments. M2S1, M2S2, M2S3 and M2S4 maintained its superiority (81.5%, 80.8%, 77.9% and 77.4%) with about 5 to 8 per cent reduction, whereas, all the other treatments showed about 12 to 20 per cent reduction than M1 and subplot treatments.
|
|
.png)
1.2 Chlorophyll stability index
The result of Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI) exhibited an increasing trend upto 7th MAP stage with a drastic reduction at 9th MAP to harvest stage (Table 2). Both the main plot treatments differed significantly at all the growth stages. Comparison of two treatment at main plot level revealed that, M1 recorded higher CSI of 84.2 per cent than M2 (74.7%) at 7th MAP. At harvest, the decline in the value of CSI was lesser in M1 (72.2%) than M2 (62.6%). The sub-plot treatments also differed significantly at all stages. Among the sub plot treatments, S1 registered significantly higher CSI percentage of 84.6%, followed by S2 (82.4%) and S3 (83.3%). The lowest CSI was recorded by S12 ranging of 74.2%. The interaction effects of M at S and S at M revealed significant differences at all the stages of growth. Treatment M1S1 recorded higher CSI of 85.1%. This was closely followed by M1S2 (84.8). However, the interaction between M2 and subplot treatments exhibited considerable reduction over the interaction between M1 and subplot treatments, among them, M2S1, M2S2, M2S3 and M2S4 recorded lower reduction per cent of about 2 to 5 followed by M2S5 M2S6, M2S7 to M2S8 showed an 11% to 12% reduction, whereas, M2S9, M2S10, M2S11 and M2S12 registered significantly higher reduction per cent of about 15 to 19 than M1 and subplot treatments.
|
|
.png)
1.3 Membrane stability index
The values of Membrane Stability Index (MSI) showed an increasing trend as the growth stages advanced upto 7th MAP and declined towards harvest. The main and subplot treatments differed significantly at all the growth stages. Treatment M1 had higher MSI value of 80.9 per cent than M2 (71.3%) at 7th MAP stage (Table 3). Analyzing the effect of sub-plot treatments, it is revealed that S1 recorded higher MSI value of 86.4 per cent which was higher than the S12 by 66.4%. The former treatment was followed by S2 (85.7%), S3 (82.8%), and S4 (82.3%) over S12 (66.4%). The interaction effects of M at S and S at M revealed significant differences at all the stages of growth. A considerable reduction in MSI could also be observed due to interaction with M2 and subplot treatments. Among the interaction treatments M2S1, M2S2, M2S3 and M2S4 recorded lower MSI of 84.2, 83.5, 80.6 and 80.1 per cent. M2S5, M2S6, M2S7 and M2S8 showed the values ranging from 72 to 74 per cent, whereas, M2S9, M2S10, M2S11 and M2S12 recorded values ranging from 67 to 69 per cent.
|
|
.png)
1.4 Yield
The data on yield (t/ha)significantly differed. Among the main plot treatments, M1 registered highest yield ha-1 of 32.8 over M2 (27.5). All the subplot treatments were significantly different (Figure 1). Among them, S1 ranked first (60.5 t/ha), which was followed by S3 (50.2 t/ha), S5 (47.1 t/ha) and S4 (37.1 t/ha). The lowest yield of 9.3 was registered by S12. The interaction effects of M at S and S at M were also significantly differed. Among the interaction treatment effects, M1S1 performed better than other treatments showing significantly higher yield of 63.3 t/ha followed by M1S3 (53.6) and M1S5 (50.9). However the interaction between M2 and subplot treatments exhibited considerable reduction over the interaction between M1 and subplot treatments. M2S1, M2S2, M2S3 and M2S4 registered about 8.7% to 13.8% reduction. M2S5 M2S6, M2S7 and M2S8 recorded about 14.8% to 22.7% reduction, whereas M2S9, M2S10, M2S11 and M2S12 showed 24.6% to 38.8% reduction yield (t/ha) over the interaction between M1 and sub plot treatments.
|
|
2 Discussion
Relative water content is the ability of plant to maintain high water in the leaves under moisture stress conditions and has been used as an index to determine drought (Barrs and Weatherly, 1962) tolerance in crop plants. During plant development, drought stress significantly reduced relative water content values (Siddique and Islam, 2000). Relative water content may be attributed to differences in the ability of the varieties to absorb more water from the soil or the ability to control water loss through the stomata's. It may also be due to differences in the ability of the tested varieties to accumulate and adjust osmotically to maintain tissue turgor and hence physiological activities. Flore et al(1985) stated that relative water content was considered as an alternative measure of plant water status, reflecting the metabolic activity in tissues. Blum et al (1989) reported that higher leaf relative water content allows the plant to maintain turgidity and this would exhibit relatively less reduction in biomass and yield. The estimation of RWC, instead of plant water potential could accurately indicate the balance between absorbed water by plant and lost through transpiration. The banana plants are able to maintain their internal water status during drought by reducing radiation load and closing stomata (Thomas and Turner, 1998). The relative water content was estimated in order to find out the plant water status of banana cultivars under water stress situations. Leaf relative water content had a significant influence on photosynthesis, by reducing the net photosynthesis by more than 50% when relative water content was less than 80%. As observed by David (2002), a reduction by 5% in RWC led to reduction in photosynthesis by 40% to 50%. Among the twelve cultivars, Karpuravalli, Karpuravalli×Pisang jajee, Saba and Sannachen- kathali were able to maintain higher relative water content under water deficit condition with 6 per cent reduction over control. These findings were in agreement with the results of David (2002), in which a positive correlation between relative water content and gas exchange activities was observed and therefore, the reduction of relative water content was found to cause a strong reduction in photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. Besset et al (2001) reported that drought resistant varieties showed consistently higher leaf water potential in their tissues than susceptible types under soil moisture deficit. In the present studies, cultivars like Matti, Matti×Anaikomban, Matti×cultivar rose and Pisang jajee×Matti, recorded lower RWC with higher reduction in the range of 22% to 24% than control. Similarly in banana plants, a major decrease of soil moisture hardly reduced the leaf relative water content. The early reduction of stomatal conductance and the minor diminution of leaf relative water content could indicate that the banana plants showed a drought avoidance mechanism to maintain a favorable plant water status involving stomatal closure in response to water stress.
A higher Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI) helps the plants to withstand stress through better availability of chlorophyll, leading to increased photosynthetic rate, more dry matter production and higher productivity. The decrease in chlorophyll under water stress was due to loss of chloroplast membrane integrity, which was associated with enhanced activity of phosphatase localized on the chlorophyll membrane (De Silva et al., 1979). CSI is an important parameter which indicates the tolerance capacity of the plants to water deficit and it is used to measure the integrity of membrane (Murthy and Majumdar, 1962). The chlorophyll stability index is an indicator of the stress tolerance capacity of plants (Koleyoreas, 1958). The present study revealed that tolerant and moderately tolerant cultivars and hybrids showed a lesser reduction in chlorophyll stability index (6% and 12%) in response to irrigation at 50% available soil moisture than control, while susceptible cultivars and hybrids had higher reduction in CSI of upto 19 per cent due to water deficit over control. Therefore, CSI of the leaf could be used as an indicator of water stress tolerance (Gomez et al., 1996). Singh et al (1985) stated that continuous moisture stress leads to a decline in leaf chlorophyll and chlorophyll stability index and relatively mild stress would inhibit chlorophyll synthesis in wheat. Higher CSI indicates the tolerance of plants under water stress condition.
Membrane stability is a widely used criterion to assess crop drought tolerance (Premachandra and Shimada, 1988). Water stress caused water loss from plant tissues which seriously impair both membrane structure and function. Cell membrane is one of the first targets of plant stresses (Levitt, 1972) and the ability of plants to maintain membrane integrity under drought is what determines tolerance towards drought. The results from electrolyte leakage measurements showed that membrane integrity was conserved for tolerant compared to susceptible varieties, this is in agreement with the conclusion of Martin et al (1987). Electrolyte leakage was correlated with drought tolerance. The leakage was due to damage to cell membranes which become more permeable under water deficit condition (Senaratna and Kersie, 1983). In banana, a major impact of plant environmental stress is cellular modification, which results in its perturbed function or total dysfunction. However, the cellular membrane dysfunction due to stress is well expressed in increasing permeability and leakage of ions which can readily be measured by the efflux of electrolytes (Jagtap and Bhargava, 1998). In the present study, tolerant and moderately tolerant cultivars and hybrids had less electrolyte leakage due to water deficit. In susceptible cultivars, the water deficit treatment showed a higher leakage of electrolytes compared to control. Leakage control was also observed by Deshmuukh et al (1991) who reported that the high electrolyte leakage of the water stressed plants was positively correlated with the high ROS activity in cigar leaves of banana. This might indicate membrane damage and thus a high risk of cell desiccation due to water deficit (Jones et al., 1985).
Water deficit impacted many physiological and developmental processes affecting fruit growth and production, including growth function of cell division and cell expansion and gas exchanging components (Jones et al., 1985). Similar results were observed by Manica et al (1975) indicating that, in banana the number of hands per bunch and number of finger per hands decreased linearly due to water deficit (75% available soil moisture). As observed in the present studies, tolerant and moderately tolerant cultivars and hybrids showed lesser reduction in yield components due to water deficit with the mean reduction of 12% and 34% due to water deficit over control. The susceptible cultivars showed yield reduction of 41% in than control (Figure 1). Similar to this study, a significant reduction in yield after water deficit treatment in banana was recorded by Turner and Thomas (1998). This reduction in yield was attributed to the marked decrease in all the yield components resulting from water stress in banana (Stover, 1972).The possible reason for the reduction in yield and yield components was explained by Turner and Thomas (1998) who stated that the finger length and finger circumference in banana was much affected where water stress was imposed during shooting stage. The fruit of water stressed plants were shorter in nature and also it reduces green life of fruit in banana (Daniells et al., 1984). These findings strongly support the results of the present study, that the tolerant and moderately tolerant cultivars and hybrids performed better in morphological, physiological, biochemical processes besides yield and yield attributes in response to irrigated level of 50% available soil moisture.
3 Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out at National Research Centre for banana, Thiruchirapalli, during 2011- 2012. The experiment consists of two treatments as considered as main plot and twelve cultivars and hybrids as taken as sub plots were laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plots are, M1 (control) with the soil pressure maintained from -0.69 to -6.00 bar, M2 (water deficit) with the Soil pressure maintained from -0.69 to -14.00 bar. Soil pressure of -14.00 bar was reached at 30 days and measured by using soil moisture release curve and measured the soil moisture by using the pressure plate membrane apparatus (Figure 2) .The sub plots are, S1: Karpuravalli (ABB), S2: Karpuravalli× Pisang Jajee, S3: Saba (ABB), S4: Sanna Chenkathali (AA), S5: Poovan (AAB), S6: Ney poovan (AB), S7: Anaikomban (AA),S8: Matti×Cultivar Rose,S9: Matti (AA),S10: Pisang Jajee×Matti,S11: Matti×Anaikomban and S12: Anaikomban×Pisang Jajee. The relative water content were measured as per the procedure of Weatherly (1950) and expressed in percentage, chlorophyll stability index was estimated based on the procedure given by Chlorophyll (Chl) content was determined following the method of Arnon (1949). The chlorophyll stability index (CSI) was determined according to Sairam et al (1997) and expressed as percentage and above experiments were measured during 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th month after planting and at harvest stages of the crop. The yield and yield components were assessed at the time of harvesting.
3.1 Relative water content
|
|
.png)
3.1 Relative water content
Relative water content (RWC) was estimated according to the method of Weatherly (1950) and calculated in the leaves for each drought period. Samples (0.5 g) were saturated in 100 mL distilled water for 24 h at 4°C in the dark and their turgid weights were recorded. Then they were oven-dried at 65°C for 48 h and their dry weights were recorded. RWC was calculated as follows:
RWC (%) = [(FW – DW) / (TW – DW)] × 100
where FW, DW, and TW are fresh weight, dry weight and turgid weight, respectively.
3.2 Chlorophyll stability index
Leaf samples were selected randomly from the plants and homogenized in a mortar in acetone. The extract was centrifuged at 5000 g for 5 min. Absorbance of the supernatant was recorded at 663, 645 and 450 nm spectrophotometrically (Techcomp 8500 II, South Korea). Chlorophyll (Chl) content was determined following the method of Arnon (1949). The chlorophyll stability index (CSI) was determined according to Sairam et al (1997) and calculated as follows:
CSI=(Total Chl under stress/Total Chl under control)×100
3.3 Membrane stability index (MSI)
The Membrane Stability Index (MSI) of the leaf sample was estimated by the method proposed by Premachandra et al (1990) and expressed in percentage.
Acknowledgment
The research have been supported and facilitated by National Research Centre for Banana (ICAR), Trichy. Tamil Nadu. India. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. M. M. Mustaffa (Director) NRC for banana, Dr. D. Durga Devi (Professor) TNAU and Dr. I. Ravi (Sr. Scientist) NRC for banana for given proper guidance during research.
Arnon D.J. and C.M. Johnson, 1942, Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the growth of higher plants under controlled conditions. Plant Physiol., 17: 525
Barrs H.D., Weatherly P.E., 1962, A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficit in leaves. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 15, 413-428.
Besset J., M. Genard T. Girard V. Serra and C. Bussi., 2001, Effects of water stress applied during the final stage of rapid growth on peach trees. Scientia Horticulturae, 91: 289-303.
Blum A, Mayer J., and Andgolan G., 1989, Agronomical and Physiological assessments of genotypic variation for drought resistance in sorghum. Australian Journal ofAgricultural Research 16 (1) : 49-61
Daniells, J.W., Watson, B.J., O’Farrell, P.J and Mulder, J.C., 1984. Soil water stress at bunch emergence increases maturity bronzing of banana fruits. Qld. J.Agric. Anim. Sci., 44: 97-100
David W., 2002, Limitation to photosynthesis in water stressed leaves: stomata vs. metabolism and the role of ATP, Annals of Botany, 89: 871-885
De Silva J.V., Naylor A.W. and Krammer P.J., 1979, Some ultra structural and enzymatic effects of water stress in cotton leaves. Proceedings of National Academy Science, USA, 71: 3243 – 3247
Deshmuukh P.S., Sairam R.K., and Shukla D.S., 1991, Measurement of ion leakage as a screening technique for drought resistance in wheat genotypes. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 34, 89-91
Flore J.A., A.N. Lakso, and J. W. Moon., 1985, The effect of water stress and vapor pressure gradient on stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and photosynthesis of fruit crops. Acta Hort., 171: 207-218
Gomez M.S. and P.Rangasamy, 2002, Correlation and path analysis of yield and physiological characters in drought resistance rice. Int. J. Mendel, 19: 33-34
Jagtap V., and Bhargava S., 1995, Variation in the antioxidant metabolism of drought tolerant and drought susceptible varieties of sorghum. Moench exposed to high light, low water and high temperature stress. J. Plant Physiol., 145: 195-197
Jones H.G., A.N. Lakso, and J.P. Syvertsen, 1985, Physiological control of water status in temperate and subtropical fruit trees. p. 301-344. In: J. Janick (ed.). Hort.Rev. AVI Publ., Westport, Conn.
Kaloyereas S.A., 1958, A new method of determining drought resistance. Plant physiol.,33:232-233
Levitt J., 1972, Responses of plants to environmental stress. Academic press. New York.
Manica L., Simao S., Koller O.C., Peres F.P.Z., and Conde A.R., 1975, influence of the time of selecting suckers on the growth and productivity of the first ratoon of banana. Nanico. Rev. Ceres: 22: 359-366
Martin U., Alladru S.G., and Bahari Z.A., 1987, Dehydration tolerance of leaf tissues of six woody angiosperm species. Physiologia Plantarum, 69, 182-186
Murthy K.S., and S.K. Majumdar., 1962, Modification of the techniques for determination of chlorophyll stability index in relation to studies of drought resistance in rice, Curr. Sci., 31: 470-471
Premachandra G.S., H. Sameoka, K. Fujita, and S. Ogata., 1990, Cell osmotic membrane stability an indication of drought tolerance, as affected by applied nitrogen in soil, J. Agric. Res., 115: 63-66
Sairam R.K., D.S. Shukla, and D.C. Saxena, 1997, Stress induced injury and antioxidant enzymes in relation to drought tolerance in wheat genotypes, Biological Plantarum, 40(3): 357-364
Senaratana T., and Kersi B.D., 1983, Characterization of solute efflux from dehydration injured soybean (Glycine max Merr.) seeds. Plant Physiology, 72, 911-914
Siddique M.R.B., A. Hamid and M.S. Islam, 2000, Drought stress effects on water relation of wheat. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., 41 (1): 35-39
Singh K., Verma H.D., Singh P.P., Jasmini D.K., 1985, Effect of sowing dates and nitrogen on growth and yield of some new wheat varieties. Indian J. Agron, 30:72-74
Stover R.H., 1972, Banana, Plantain and abaca diseases. Common wealth mycological institute, Kew England.
Thomas D.S. and Turner D.W., 2001, Banana leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in response to , 90: 93-108
Turner D.W., 1993, Bananas and plantains. In Handbook of Environmental Physiology of Fruit Crops Volume II : Sub-tropical and Tropical Crops, 37-64 (Eds. B. Schaffer and P. C. Andersen). Boca Raton, CRC Press
Turner D.W., 1998, The impact of environmental factors on the development and productivity of bananas and plantains. In Proceedings of the 13th ACORBAT meeting, Guayaquil, Ecuador, 635-663 (Ed. L. H. Arizaga), Ecuador, CONABAN
Turner D.W. and Lahav E., 1983, The growth of banana plants in relation to temperature, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10:43-53
Turner D.W., and Thomas D.S., 1998, Measurements of plant and soil water status and their association with leaf gas exchange in banana (Musa spp.): a laticiferous plant. Scientia Horticulturae, 77: 177-193
Turner D.W., 1972, Banana plant growth. 1. Groeth. 1. Gross morphology. Aust, J. Expt, Agric. Animal Husband, 12: 216-224
Weatherly P.E., 1950, Studies in the water relations of cotton. 1. The field measurement of water deficits in leaves, New Phytol., 49: 81-97
International Journal of Horticulture
• Volume 3
View Options
. PDF(206KB)
. FPDF(win)
. HTML
. Online fPDF
Associated material
. Readers' comments
Other articles by authors
. K. Krishna Surendar
. D. Durga Devi
. I. Ravi
. P. Jeyakumar
. K. Velayudham
Related articles
. Water deficit
. RWC
. CSI
. MSI
. Yield
. Banana
Tools
. Email to a friend
. Post a comment
. PDF(206KB)
. FPDF(win)
. HTML
. Online fPDF
Associated material
. Readers' comments
Other articles by authors
. K. Krishna Surendar
. D. Durga Devi
. I. Ravi
. P. Jeyakumar
. K. Velayudham
Related articles
. Water deficit
. RWC
. CSI
. MSI
. Yield
. Banana
Tools
. Email to a friend
. Post a comment